![]() The collecting ducts converge in the papilla at the apex of each pyramid, and empty into the calyx (plural: The cortex contains the glomerulus and proximal and distal tubules of the nephrons, whilst the loop of HenleĪnd collecting ducts descend into the medulla. Internally, the kidney has a dark outer cortex surrounding a lighter medulla, which contains triangular pyramids. The kidney is surrounded by a fibrous renal capsule. ![]() The renal artery and vein, lymphatics and nerve enter the kidney via the hilus, from which the renal pelvis, which becomes the ureter, emerges. The kidneys are located retro-peritoneally. The average urine output is ∼ 1.5 L per day. Plasma is filtered by capillaries in the glomerulus, and the composition of the filtrate is modified by reabsorption and secretion in the nephrons. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), acid–base status and body water. The kidneys help to maintain the composition of extracellular body fluids, and regulate ions (e.g. ![]() location of glomeruli) Composition of the nephron (Bowman’s capsule, tubules etc) Function (in broad terms) of each component of the nephron Appreciation of how nephron anatomy reflects these functions Macroscopic structure of the kidney: Cortex + medulla and the principal components of each (e.g. Functional anatomy of the renal tract Note: you should cross-reference this section with the anatomy curriculum.
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